Is there a crack epidemic among students in Brazil?: comments on media and public health issues.

In the past year, the Brazilian Federal Government and society have reported and acted on a crack use epidemic, which has been exacerbated by the media. This study hypothesized that crack use has not increased at the rate suggested by the Brazilian media. A cross-sectional survey was carried out in 2010 using a multistage probabilistic representative sample of Brazilian middle and high school students in the country's 27 state capitals. A total of 50,890 valid questionnaires were weighted, analyzed and results compared to the 2004 national school survey dataset. Considering lifetime and past year crack use, no change in consumption was found between 2004 and 2010. Official data in Brazil on middle and high school students does not support the assertion of a crack epidemic widely publicized by the media. Government measures to treat and prevent crack use are encouraged; however, the term epidemic has been inappropriately used to represent the static prevalence of crack consumption among students.

Is there a crack epidemic among students in Brazil?: comments on media and public health issues / Há uma epidemia de crack entre estudantes no Brasil?: comentários sobre aspectos da mídia e da saúde pública

In the past year, the Brazilian Federal Government and society have reported and acted on a crack use epidemic, which has been exacerbated by the media. This study hypothesized that crack use has not increased at the rate suggested by the Brazilian media. A cross-sectional survey was carried out in 2010 usinga multistage probabilistic representative sample of Brazilian middle and high school students in the country's 27 state capitals. A total of 50,890 valid questionnaires were weighted, analyzed and results compared to the 2004 national school survey dataset. Considering lifetime and past year crack use, no change in consumption was found between 2004 and 2010. Official data in Brazil on middle and high school students does not support the assertion of a crack epidemic widely publicized by the media. Government measures to treat and prevent crack use are encouraged; however, the term epidemic has been inappropriately used to represent the static prevalence of crack consumption among students.

No último ano, o Governo Federal e a sociedade brasileira relataram e agiram em função de uma epidemia de crack, que foi exacerbada pela mídia. Este estudo hipotetiza que, entre estudantes, o consumo de crack não aumentou nas taxas propostas pela mídia brasileira. Um levantamento epidemiológico de corte transversal foi realizado em 2010 em uma amostra probabilística multiestágio de estudantes brasileiros de Ensino Fundamental e Médio das 27 capitais de estado. Os 50.890 questionários válidos foram submetidos a pesos amostrais, analisados e comparados à série de dados do mesmo levantamento nacional realizado em 2004. Considerando uso na vida e uso no ano de crack, nenhuma mudança do consumo foi encontrada entre de 2004 e 2010. Os dados oficiais brasileiros entre estudantes de Ensino Médio e Fundamental não corroboram "a epidemia de crack" divulgada extensamente pela mídia. Medidas do governo para tratar e prevenir o uso de crack são incentivadas; entretanto, o termo epidemia tem sido usado de maneira imprópria para representar a prevalência estática do uso de crack.

[The role of information as a preventive drug measure among youth at risk]. / O papel da informação como medida preventiva ao uso de drogas entre jovens em situação de risco.

Illicit drug consumption among youngsters is a public health concern that requires attention. However, little research has highlighted the importance of "drug information availability" among protection factors. The objective of the study is to identify, from the point of view of youngsters at risk, what factors could prevent them to try illicit drugs, focusing on the importance of "drug information availability". An intentional sample was selected, composed by 62 youngsters divided into two groups: (NU) non illicit users N=32 and (U) users N=30. The sample was recruited through key-informants and snowball and each participant was submitted to an in-depth semi-structured interview. According to NU, "drug information availability" was reported as the main protector factor. Family-based information was the main source of knowledge followed by observation of the drug negative consequences on lives of friends who have already consumed illicit drugs in a regular-basis. Among users, a lack of drug knowledge or availability of partial information was reported. Among youngsters at risk, drug information availability is the main protection factor against experimental and regular drug consumption. Family based information was reported as its main source.

O papel da informação como medida preventiva ao uso de drogas entre jovens em situação de risco / The role of information as a preventive drug measure among youth at risk

Entre os jovens, o uso de drogas ilícitas é um problema de saúde coletiva que desperta atenção. Poucos estudos sobre motivos para o não uso de drogas exploram o real papel da informação como método preventivo. O objetivo do estudo é analisar, entre adolescentes e jovens em situação de risco, os motivos para o não uso de drogas ilícitas, destacando o impacto da informação como fator protetor. Através de metodologia qualitativa, adotou-se uma amostra intencional, selecionada por informantes-chave e por "bola de neve". Foram entrevistados 62 adolescentes e jovens entre dezesseis e 24 anos, de baixa classe socioeconomica. Destes, 32 eram não usuários de drogas (NU) e trinta eram usuários pesados (U). Entre o grupo NU, a informação destacou-se como principal motivo de não uso, através do conhecimento de aspectos positivos e negativos. O principal meio de veiculação foi a família, seguido da observação da experiência negativa vivenciada por amigos que já faziam abuso. Em contrapartida, no grupo U, prevaleceu a falta de informação ou a disponibilidade de conhecimentos vagos. Dispor de informações adequadas sobre o tema "drogas" parece essencial à prevenção do uso experimental entre adolescentes e jovens em situação de risco. No entanto, a informação que mais parece eficaz é a transmitida pela família.

Illicit drug consumption among youngsters is a public health concern that requires attention. However, little research has highlighted the importance of "drug information availability" among protection factors. The objective of the study is to identify, from the point of view of youngsters at risk, what factors could prevent them to try illicit drugs, focusing on the importance of "drug information availability". An intentional sample was selected, composed by 62 youngsters divided into two groups: (NU) non illicit users N=32 and (U) users N=30. The sample was recruited through key-informants and snowball and each participant was submitted to an in-depth semi-structured interview. According to NU, "drug information availability" was reported as the main protector factor. Family-based information was the main source of knowledge followed by observation of the drug negative consequences on lives of friends who have already consumed illicit drugs in a regular-basis. Among users, a lack of drug knowledge or availability of partial information was reported. Among youngsters at risk, drug information availability is the main protection factor against experimental and regular drug consumption. Family based information was reported as its main source.

Percepções e atitudes de professores de escolas públicas e privadas perante o tema drogas / Perceptions and attitudes among public school teachers towards the topic of drugs / Percepciones y actitudes de profesores de escuelas públicas y privadas ante el tema de las drogas

No Brasil, apesar de os professores serem considerados como agentes potenciais para a prevenção do uso de drogas, há mais de duas décadas os programas escolares de prevenção não têm alcançado os resultados esperados. Com o intuito de auxiliar a identificação da origem do problema, foram avaliadas as percepções/ atitudes de professores sobre o tema. Participaram da pesquisa vinte professores do Ensino Fundamental e Médio da cidade de São Paulo, com os quais foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas. Embora esses profissionais se reconheçam como formadores de opinião, não se consideram suficientemente habilitados para tratar do tema com seus alunos, seja pela sua falta de informação, interesse ou habilidade para abordar o assunto. Quanto à informação sobre o tema, verificou-se haver uma baixa percepção sobre o risco associado às drogas lícitas. Perante estes resultados, sugere-se que os programas de prevenção destinados ao ambiente escolar sejam revistos e tenham a participação de profissionais especializados.

In Brazil, although teachers are considered potential agents for prevention of drug use, school-based prevention programs have not achieved the expected results over a period of more than two decades. Aiming to help in identifying the origin of the problem, teachers' perceptions and attitudes regarding this issue were evaluated. Twenty elementary and high school teachers in the city of São Paulo participated in this study, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with them. Although these professionals recognized that they were opinion formers, they did not consider that they had sufficient skills to deal with this topic among their students, because of lack of information, interest or ability to deal with it. Regarding the information on this topic, it was found that there was low perception of risks associated with legal drugs. Given these results, it is suggested that school-based prevention programs should be reviewed and should involve participation by specialized professionals.

En Brasil, pese a que los profesores se consideran como agentes potenciales para la prevención del uso de drogas, hace más de 20 años los programas escolares de prevención no han alcanzado los resultados esperados. Con la intención de auxiliar la identificación del origen del problema se evaluaron las percepciones/actitudes de profesores de la enseñanza fundamental y media de la ciudad brasileña de São Paulo con los cuales se realizaron entrevistas semi-estructuradas. Aunque estos profesionales se reconozcan como formadores de opinión, no se consideran suficientemente habilitados para tratar el tema con sus alumnos, ya por su falta de información, interés o habilidad para afrontar el asunto. En cuanto a la información sobre el tema se ha verificado baja percepción, del riesgo asociado a las drogas lícitas. Antes tales resultados se sugiere que los programas de prevención destinados al ambiente escolar se revisen con la participaciónde profesionales especializados.

[The role of information as a preventive measure to the drug use among young people at risk]. / O papel da informação como medida preventiva ao uso de drogas entre jovens em situação de risco.

Illicit drug consumption among youngsters is a public health concern that requires attention. However, little research has highlighted the importance of "drug information availability" among protection factors. The aim of this article is to identify, from the point of view of youngsters at risk, what factors could prevent them to try illicit drugs, focusing on the importance of "drug information availability". An intentional sample was selected, composed by 62 youngsters divided into two groups: (NU) non illicit users N=32 and (U) users N=30. The sample was recruited through key-informants and "snowball" and each participant was submitted to an in-depth semi-structured interview. According to NU "drug information availability" was reported as the main protector factor. Family-based information was the main source of knowledge followed by observation of the drug negative consequences on lives of friends who have already consumed illicit drugs in a regular-basis. Among users, it was reported a lack of drug knowledge or availability of partial information. We can conclude that among youngsters at risk, drug information availability is the main protection factor against experimental and regular drug consumption. Family based information was reported as its main source.

O papel da informação como medida preventiva ao uso de drogas entre jovens em situação de risco / The role of information as a preventive measure to the drug use among young people at risk

Entre os jovens, o uso de drogas ilícitas é um problema de saúde coletiva que desperta atenção. Poucos estudos sobre motivos para o não-uso de drogas exploram o real papel da informação como método preventivo. Este estudo pretende analisar, entre adolescentes e jovens em situação de risco, os motivos para o não-uso de drogas ilícitas destacando o impacto da informação como fator protetor. Através de metodologia qualitativa, adotou-se uma amostra intencional, selecionada por informantes-chave e por "bola-de-neve". Foram entrevistados 62 adolescentes e jovens entre 16 e 24 anos, de baixa classe socioeconômica. Destes, 32 eram não-usuários de drogas (NU) e 30 eram usuários pesados (U). Entre o grupo NU, a informação destacou-se como principal motivo de não-uso, através do conhecimento de aspectos positivos e negativos. O principal meio de veiculação foi a família, seguido da observação da experiência negativa vivenciada por amigos que já faziam abuso. Em contrapartida, no grupo U, prevaleceu a falta de informação ou a disponibilidade de conhecimentos vagos. Dispor de informações adequadas sobre o tema "drogas" parece essencial à prevenção do uso experimental entre adolescentes e jovens em situação de risco. No entanto, a informação que mais parece eficaz é a transmitida pela família.

Illicit drug consumption among youngsters is a public health concern that requires attention. However, little research has highlighted the importance of "drug information availability" among protection factors. The aim of this article is to identify, from the point of view of youngsters at risk, what factors could prevent them to try illicit drugs, focusing on the importance of "drug information availability". An intentional sample was selected, composed by 62 youngsters divided into two groups: (NU) non illicit users N=32 and (U) users N=30. The sample was recruited through key-informants and "snowball" and each participant was submitted to an in-depth semi-structured interview. According to NU "drug information availability" was reported as the main protector factor. Family-based information was the main source of knowledge followed by observation of the drug negative consequences on lives of friends who have already consumed illicit drugs in a regular-basis. Among users, it was reported a lack of drug knowledge or availability of partial information. We can conclude that among youngsters at risk, drug information availability is the main protection factor against experimental and regular drug consumption. Family based information was reported as its main source.

Estratégias desenvolvidas por usuários de crack para lidar com os riscos decorrentes do consumo da droga / Strategies developed by crack users to deal with the risks resulting from the consumption

OBJETIVOS: O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar, sob a ótica de usuários de crack, quais são as estratégias que eles utilizam para minimizar ou evitar os riscos decorrentes do consumo de crack. MÉTODO: Utilizou-se método qualitativo de pesquisa, desenvolvido mediante entrevistas semiestruturadas em profundidade. Foi entrevistada uma amostra intencional por critérios, composta por 30 usuários de crack, selecionados por meio de informantes-chave e distribuídos em oito diferentes cadeias. As entrevistas foram transcritas literalmente, inseridas e analisadas no software NVivo 8, com exploração dos dados mediante a técnica de análise de conteúdo. RESULTADOS: Os entrevistados acreditam que os maiores riscos decorrentes da dependência do crack sejam os relacionados aos efeitos psíquicos da droga, como fissura, sintomas paranoides transitórios e sintomas depressivos, assim como os decorrentes da ilegalidade dela, como a polícia e as questões referentes ao tráfico. Entretanto, os riscos de complicações físicas do consumo quase não foram apontados. As estratégias se concentraram no controle dos efeitos psíquicos, principalmente pelo consumo de álcool e maconha. Para lidar com as consequências da ilegalidade da droga, mostraram se preocupar com a postura que adotam perante o traficante e a polícia. CONCLUSÕES: As estratégias desenvolvidas pelos usuários focam na tentativa de se autoprotegerem principalmente dos episódios de violência e no alívio de sintomas desagradáveis causados pela droga - principalmente fissura e sintomas paranoides transitórios. Essas estratégias podem parecer efetivas a curto prazo, porém apresentaram riscos de longo prazo, tais como dependência de álcool e maconha.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to identify, from the perspective of crack users, what are the strategies used to minimize or avoid the risks associated with consumption of crack. METHOD: A qualitative research method was used, developed through semi-structured in depth interviews. It was interviewed a criterion sample composed of 30 crack users, selected through key informants and distributed in eight different chains. The interviews were verbatim transcribed, entered and analyzed in NVivo 8 software. Data was analyzed by "content analysis" technique. RESULTS: Respondents believe that the greatest risks of dependence on crack cocaine are related to the psychic effects of the drug like craving, transient paranoid symptoms and depressive symptoms - and those stemming from the illegality of it, such as the police and issues relating to trafficking. However, the risk of physical complications of consumption has hardly been mentioned. The strategies focused on control of the psychic effects, mainly by consumption of alcohol and marijuana. To deal with the consequences of the unlawful drug they showed concern about how to relate to the dealers and police officers. CONCLUSIONS: The strategies developed by crack users are focused on trying to protect their selves against violence and to relief from unpleasant psychic effects - mainly craving and transient paranoid symptoms. These strategies may seem effective in the short term. However, showed long-term risks, such as alcohol and marijuana dependence.